<2024> 리튬이온 2차전지 음극재 기술 동향 및 시장 전망 (~2035)
이차전지의 음극재에 관하여
지속적으로 이슈가 되고 있는 사항에는 아래에 세가지가 있다.
1) 급속충전
이슈에 따른 실리콘 음극재의 확대
2) IRA 관련
중국산 흑연 음극재에 대한 보조금 적용불가와
이에 대한 대책으로 중국 외 흑연Sourcing처 발굴
3) 차세대
전지 (SIB나트륨전지, ASB전고체 전지) 음극재에
대한 연구/개발
첫번째로 1)실리콘 음극재는 높은 비용량에 따른 에너지밀도 개선과 고속충전에
대한 Needs로 인하여 강하게 drive가 걸리고 있는데, 가장 큰 현안은 지배적인 실리콘 음극재 Platform이 아직 등장하지
않았다는 점이다.
현재 실리콘 음극재의 주류인 SiOx나
Si-C의 경우에 아직 상당한 고가이고, 현재 연구되거나 개발되고 있는 새로운 기술과 제품, 그리고 제조방식에 비하여 기술 및 가격적인 우세가 아직 확립되었다고 보기 어려운 상황이다. 현재 전세계적으로 100개가 넘는 전지기업, 소재업체, 중견기업,
Start-up 또는 학술/연구 기관 등에서 실리콘 음극재에 대한 다양한 연구개발 및 제품
출시가 진행중이므로 향후 기술적으로 진보된 제품과 제조 방식이 등장할 가능성이 높다고 보인다. 본 보고서에서는 이러한 실리콘 음극재 업체에 대해 자세히 조사하였다.
두번째로 2) 중국 외 흑연 음극재
Sourcing처 발굴이다. 현재 LIB 음극재의 98%가 흑연이고 흑연 Supply의 90%이상을 중국업체가 차지하고 있다. 미국에서 제기한 IRA법안에 따라 당초에는, 중국과 같은 해외 우려국가(FEOC)의 업체에서 제조한 음극재가 들어있는 자동차용 전지에 대해서는
2025년 1월부터 보조금을 지급하지 않기로 하였으나, 현실적으로
이를 적용하기 어려우므로 올해(24년) 5월 이러한 조건의
발동을 2년 유예하여 2027년 1월부터 적용하기로 하였다.
2년의 시간을 벌었지만
당장 중국이외의 음극재 흑연 Sourcing처를 발굴해야 한다. 따라서
미국이나 유럽 등의 흑연 업체를 찾아 나서야 하는데 기술적으로, 또 물량적으로 마땅한 supplie를 찾기가 쉽지 않다. 본 리포트에서는 이러한 중국 이외의 호주, 유럽, 미국 등 비중국 흑연 음극재 업체 현황에 대해서도 상세히 조사하였다.
마지막으로 3) SIB나 ASB 음극재에
대한 연구개발인데, 채굴량이 제한적인 Lithium(Li)을
대신하여 전지에서 이동물질로 Sodium(Na)을 채택하여 검토되고 있는 나트륨전지(SIB) 음극재로는 주로 Hard Carbon이 쓰이고 있다. 또한 일부 실리콘 음극재에서 다공성 Hard Carbon이 Nano Silicon의 지지체(support)로 쓰이는 경우가 있기에 Hard Carbon은 흑연과 실리콘을 제외한 소재중에 음극재로 쓰일 수 있는 중요 물질로 여겨지고 있다.
전고체 전지(ASB) 음극재로는 탄소계 물질(흑연, Hard Carbon)이나 실리콘이 사용되는 경우도 있지만 이와 함께
Li-metal이 계속적으로 검토되고 있으므로 Li metal이 사용된다면 이차전지 음극재의
영역을 한층 더 넓혀 주리라 기대하고 있다. 비결정성 탄소물질인
Hard Carbon이나 완전 Metal인 Lithium
음극재의 향배에 관심을 가져야 할 것이다. 이러한 트렌드에 맞춰 연구/개발 또는 일부 적용되고 있는 대표적인 신규 음극재 후보에는 Silicon계와
Li metal이 있고 기존 탄소계 음극재에 대한 개선도 병행하여 진행되고 있으며, Anode-free 및 급속충전 기술에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다.
본 리포트에서는 이러한 최근의 Trends와 연구 개발 상황을 충실히 반영하였다.
특히 Silicon계와 Li metal을 중심으로
한 최신 기술동향을 심도 있게 논하였으며
기존 재료와 신규 물질의 성능 개선과 hybrid 제품의 연구 개발 현황도 살펴 보았다. 여기에 급속 충전 기술 설계와 Anode-free
기술에 대한 업계 동향도 살펴보았다.
또한 주요 메이저 배터리 업체들의 최근 3개년 동안의 음극재 사용현황 및 SCM에 대한 상세 분석을
다루었으며, 천연흑연, 인조흑연, 실리콘계 각 타입별 상세한 Supply Chain 업체들에 대하여
Tier1, Tier2, 국가 그룹별로 100여개 이상되는 업체들의 상세 분석을 하였다.
본 보고서가 글로벌 이차전지 시장 및 음극재 시장 분석 및 사업 전략에 도움이 되길 바란다. .
INDEX
리포트 개요 ······································································································································· 8
Chapter
Ⅰ. 음극재 기술 현황 및 개발 Trend
1.1
서 론 ·········································································································································· 11
1.2
음극재 종류 ······························································································································· 14
1.2.1
Li-metal
1.2.2
Carbon계 음극재
1.2.3
음극재 개발 현황
Chapter
Ⅱ. Carbon계 음극재
2.1
Carbon계 음극재의 개요 ········································································································ 23
2.2
Carbon계 음극재의 제조 ········································································································ 23
2.2.1
기상 탄화
2.2.2
액상 탄화
2.2.3
고상 탄화
2.3
Soft Carbon계 음극재 ·········································································································· 27
2.3.1
구조적 특성
2.3.2
전기화학적 특성
2.3.3
전극 반응 mechanism
2.3.4
제조 방법
2.3.5
인조 흑연
2.3.6
천연 흑연
2.3.7
저온 소성 탄소
2.3.8
기타 소재
2.4
Hard Carbon계 음극재 ······································································································ 62
2.4.1
구조적 특성
2.4.2
전기화학적 특성
2.4.3
전극 반응 mechanism
2.4.4
제조 방법
2.5
폐전지로부터 Carbon계 음극재 회수 및 재활용 ·························································· 68
Chapter
Ⅲ. 합금계 음극재
3.1
합금계 음극재의 개요
········································································································
70
3.2
합금계 음극재의 특성
········································································································
70
3.3
합금계 음극재의 문제점
및 해결 방안 ············································································
73
3.3.1
대표적인 문제점
3.3.2
금속 복합계 음극재
3.3.3
금속-탄소 복합계 음극재
3.4
SiOx계 음극재
·····················································································································
105
3.4.1
구조적 특성
3.4.2
전기화학적 특성
3.4.3
제조방법
3.4.4
Prelithiation 공정 적용
3.5
Si계 음극재의 실제 적용
연구 ·······················································································
114
3.5.1
전기화학적 거동 차이
3.5.2
Si 단독 전극 및 Si/흑연 혼합 전극
3.6
기타 Si계 음극재
··············································································································
116
3.6.1
3차원 다공성 Si
3.6.2
Si Nanotube
3.6.3
금속/합금 박막형 음극재
Chapter
Ⅳ. 화합물 음극재
4.1
Oxide계 음극재 ················································································································
125
4.2
Nitride계 음극재
··············································································································
130
4.3
2차원 평면 구조 무기화합물 (Mxenes)………………………………………………………… 131
Chapter
Ⅴ. 고출력 음극재
5.1
고출력 음극재의 개요
·····································································································
134
5.2
Intercalation소재
··············································································································
134
5.2.1
탄소재
5.2.2
LTO(Li4Ti5O12)
5.3
합금계 소재 ······················································································································ 138
5.4
전이 소재 ·························································································································· 138
5.5
Nano 구조 마이크로 입자 ······························································································ 139
5.5.1
Nano 구조 마이크로 탄소재
5.5.2
Nano 구조 마이크로 Li4Ti5O12
5.5.3
Nano 구조 마이크로 Si-탄소재 복합 활물질
5.6
Multi Channel 구조 흑연 ····························································································· 143
5.7
Si-흑연 hybrid 소재 (SEAG) ························································································ 145
5.8 Graphene-SiO2 소재 (Graphene Ball) ····································································· 146
5.9 음극 관점에서 급속 충전
…………………………………………………………………….. 148
5.9.1
음극재(활물질)의 영향 인자
5.9.2
전극의 영향 인자
5.9.3
주요 배터리 업체의 급속충전
기술 설계
5.9.4
급속충전용 음극 기술
개발 사례
5.10
종합 및 향후 전망 ······································································································· 166
Chapter
Ⅵ. Li-metal 음극
6.1
Li metal 음극 개요 ·········································································································· 167
6.2
Li metal 음극 R&D 현황 ································································································ 169
6.2.1 인위적인 표면 보호막(ASEI,
Artificial SEI막 형성)
6.2.2 신 구조체 (New structure)
6.2.3 Hybrid 구조
6.2.4 Electrolyte modification
6.3
리튬 금속 음극 실제
응용에 대한 문제점 및 전망 ……………………………………. 180
6.4
Anode-Free LIB …………………………………………………………………………………….. 184
Chapter
Ⅶ. 안전성에 대한 음극의 영향
7.1
음극의 열적 안정성 ······································································································ 192
7.2
급속 충전 시 안전성
····································································································· 198
Chapter
Ⅷ. Global 음극재(AAM) 공급 현황 및 전망
8.1
음극재(AAM) Application별 Demand Outlook (‘21~’35)
····································· 203
8.2
음극재(AAM) Material별 Demand Outlook (‘21~’35)
··········································· 204
8.3
음극재(AAM) Supplier별 Total Shipment(Supply)
Volume (‘21~’24) ··············· 206
8.4
음극재(AAM) Supplier별 Total Shipment(Supply) M/S
(‘21~’24)······················ 208
SDI/LGC/SKI/Panasonic/CATL/ATL/BYD/Lishen/Guoxuan/AESC/CALB
8.5
천연흑연(NG) 음극재 Supplier별
Shipment Volume (‘21~24) ·························
209
8.6
천연흑연(NG) 음극재 Supplier별
Shipment M/S (‘21~24) ·································· 211
8.7
인조흑연(AG,SG) 음극재 Supplier별 Shipment Volume
(‘21~24)······················ 212
8.8
인조흑연(AG,SG) 음극재 Supplier별 Shipment M/S (‘21~24) ····························· 214
8.9
Silicon음극재 Supplier별 Shipment Volume & M/S (2023년
기준) ···················· 215
8.10 AAM Supplier 현황 종합분석 (2023년 기준) ······················································· 216
8.11 AAM Supplier NG Capa. Expansion Plan & 수급전망 (‘21~’30)
······················ 217
8.12.
AAM Supplier AG(SG) Capa. Expansion Plan & 수급전망 (‘21~’30)···················218
8.13 AAM 재료별 가격 전망 (‘21~’30)
··········································································· 219
8.14 AAM
Market Size Outlook (‘21~’30)
·································································· 220
Chapter
Ⅸ. LIB 업체들의 음극재 수요
현황 및 전망
9.1 전체적인 음극재 수요 실적, 전망 및
Issue ·························································· 222
9.2 주요 LIB업체 음극재 수요 현황 및 전망
······························································ 224
9.3 주요 업체간 Supply-Demand 현황 ·······································································235
Chapter
X. 흑연 중심 음극재(AAM) 업체 현황
10.1
Global Top12 ·················································································································
239
BTR
/ Shanshan / Zichen / Kaijin / Shangtai / Shinzoom / XFH / Kuntian / Dongdao /
POSCO / Resonac / Mitsubishi
10.2
중국/일본/한국의 기타 업체들
······················································································
287
Hitachi/Mitsubishi/Nippon
Carbon/JFE/Tokai Carbon/Showa Denko/Shinetsu/Kureha
10.3
미국/유럽/기타 지역 업체들
··························································································
332
Syrah
/ Westwater / Talga / NMG / Next source Mat. / Mangnis / Renascor / Epsilon /
Urbix /
Novonix
/ Anovion…
Chapter
XI. Silicon 중심 음극재(AAM) 업체 현황
11.1
일본, 한국의 Si 음극재 업체들 ······················································································
379
Shin-Etsu
/ JMC (Japan Metal & Chemicals) / Daejoo Electronic Materials / Posco Future M /
포스코Silicon솔루션 (구 테라테크노스)
/ SKMG14 (SK Materials-Group14) / SK얼티머스(Nexeon) /
MK전자 / 일진전기 / EG / 한솔케미컬 / 이녹스첨단소재(TRS) / FIC신소재 / LPN / Osaka Titanium /
TCK(Tokai
Carbon Korea) / 트루윈(구 NM Tech) / Korea Metal Silicon / 이엔플러스 / 롯데에너지
Materials
(Enwires) / 동진쎄미켐 / SJ신소재 / 아이엘사이언스 /
에스머티리얼 / ㈜HNS / 와이파인텍
/
하나Materials / 그랩실 / BSG머티리얼즈 / 액트로 / 시리에너지
11.2
중국의 Si 음극재 업체들 ································································································
473
IOPSILION,
Tianmu 天目先导 / Chengdu Guibao 成都硅宝 / iAmetal, Beijing Yijin 北京壹金 /
Gotion
国轩高科
/ Shinghwa 胜华新材料
/ Kingi 湖南金硅 / JereH 烟台杰瑞 / Huawei 华为 /
Haoxin
Tech 青岛昊鑫
/ Guiyuan 常州硅源 / Yuling New Energy 昱瓴新能源
/ Zhejiang Lichen
浙江锂宸 / Lanxi Zhide 兰溪致德新能源
11.3
미국, 유럽, 기타 지역의 Si 음극재
업체들 ··································································
509
Group14
(US) / Nexeon (UK) / Sila Nano (US) / Amprius (US) / Enovix (US) / Elkem (Nor)
/
Enevate
(US) / Neo Battery (Canada) / OneD (US) / Nanograf (US) / StoreDot (Israel) /
Targray
(Canada) / Global Graphene Group (US) / EO Cell (US) / ADVANO (US) /Nanospan
(US)
/
LeydenJar (Nether.) / Trion Battery (Canada) / Cenate (Norway) / SiCONA (AU) /
Alkegen (US)
/
pH Matter LLC (US) / Paraclete Energy (US) / Himadri Specialty Chem (India) /
E-Magy (Nether)
/
Ionblox (US) / Nanomakers (Fra.) / SiLi-ion (US) / Ionic Mineral Tech (US) /
Ionobell (US) /
The
Coretec group (US) / Enwires (Fra.) / FARADPOWER (US) / SilLion (US) / Talga
(AU) /
SGL
Carbon SE (Ger)
Chapter
XII. 참고 문헌