<2023> 리튬이온 2차전지 전해액 기술동향 및 시장전망
최근 이차전지 시장은 소형 IT용 Application 시장에서 ESS, 전기차 시장으로 시장을 확대해 나가고 있다. 이차전지를
개발하고 산업을 개척했던 일본의 기존 업체인 일본의 Panasonic 등은 한국의 강자 LGES 등과의 시장 경쟁에서 밀리고 있고 중국의 업체인 CATL,
BYD, CALB 등이 중국 정부의 지원과 무한한 내수 시장을 발판으로 M/S를
더욱 확장하고 있다. 당분간 한, 중, 일 “이차전지 삼국 구도”는 지속될 것으로 예상되지만, 전기차 시장의 확대에 따른 북미와 유럽 역시 대용량 이차전지
제조 및 재료시장에 지속적으로 관심을 보이고 있다. 특히 IRA와
같은 각국의 정책 및 규제로 인해 이차전지 시장에 큰 지형 변화가 있을 것으로 예상된다.
전해액을 살펴보면 크게 용매(Solvents), 리튬염 (Lithium Salt), 첨가제(Additives)로
구성되어 있다.전해액은 제품의 특성상 리튬이온 이차전지 제조 업체와 공동으로 개발을 진행 하게 된다. IT형 소형 제품의 경우 짧게는 3~4개월 개발 기간이
소요되고 xEV용 전해액은 1년이 넘게
제품을 개발과 평가를 진행하게 된다. 다양한 제품을 고객의 니즈에 맞추어 개발 대응하기 위해서는
우수한 R&D 능력이 요구된다.
과거 전해액 시장은 일본과 한국이 주축이 되었으나, 최근 중국 업체들의
비약적인 성장으로 시장점유율 Top3를 모두 중국 업체가 차지한 실정이다. 국내의 경우 전해액을 양산 공급하고 있는 동화일렉트로라이트와 솔브레인, 엔켐 등은 리튬이온 이차전지 주요 3사(삼성SDI, LG에너지솔루션, SK온)와 동반하여 전해액 공급업체로써 같이 성장할 수 있었다. 일본의
경우 Mitsubishi Chemical이 IT 소형, xEV 중대형 전지를 생산하는 고객의 Portfolio를
다양화하였다. 중국 업체로는 Tinci,
Guotai-Huarong, Capchem 등이 시장을 지배하고 있다.
전해액의 주요한 성분인 리튬염(LiPF6)는 과거
일본 업체가 대부분을 공급했으나, 현재 중국 업체들이 CAPA를
증설하면서 판도가 바뀌게 되었다. 한국의 경우 후성이
범용 리튬염(LiPF6)을, 천보가 특수
리튬염(LiFSI, LiPO2F2, LiDFOP, LiBOB)을
양산 공급하고 있다. 첨가제(Additives)는 SEI 보호막 형성과 과충전 방지제, 전도특성
향상 등 리튬이온 이차전지의 수명과 안정성을 향상을 위해 전해액을 제조하는 과정에서 첨가되게 된다. 일본
업체가 첨가제 시장의 대부분을 점유하고 있고 한국에서는 천보,
켐트로스 등이 공급하고 있다.
전해액은 이차 전지를 구성하는 4대 핵심 소재 중 하나이다. 일반적인 리튬이온 전지의 제조원가 구성에서 비중을 따지면 양극재 > 분리막 > 음극재 > 전해액
순서이다. 이차전지 제조 업체의 단위 셀 당 에너지밀도를 증가시키기 위해 양극재, 음극재 재료 투입량을 늘리고 있는 추세이며. 상대적으로
전해액 투입량을 줄이고 있다. 하지만 2022년부터 2030년까지 배터리 시장은 연평균 약 23%(용량기준) 내외로 증가할 전망이다. 이에 따른 전해액 시장 성장이 기대된다.
전기차 및 ESS 용도의 대용량
이차전지에는 전해액 사용량이 IT용에 비해 단위셀 기준으로 약
200배 ~ 4,000배까지 늘기 때문에 특히 안정성
확보가 매우 중요한 이슈로 대두되고 있다. 현재 상용화 되어 있는 액체 전해질, 겔 고분자 전해질 (폴리머) 이외에 고온 안정성이 우수한 고체 고분자 전해질 및 전고체 세라믹 전해질 개발에 지속적인 연구 개발을
진행 중이다.
본 리포트에서 당사는 리튬이온 이차전지에 적용하기 위한 전해액 완제품 및 각 구성재료에 대한 기술적 정보를
상세하게 정리하였으며, 당사의 다양한 전망자료를 기초로 바인더에 대한 수요 및 시장을 전망하여 독자들이
전체적인 규모를 파악하는데 도움을 주고자 하였다.
마지막으로, 주요 배터리 제조업체의 전해액 수요 및 전해액 업체들의
공급 현황과 전망을 정리함으로써 이 분야의 연구자 및 관심있는 분들에게 기술부터 시장에 이르는 넓은 범위의 통찰력을 제공하고자 노력하였다.
본 보고서의 Strong point
1.
전해액 완제품 및 구성재료에 대한 전반적인 개요 및 기술 정보 수록
2.
기존 LIB 외의 차세대 전지에 적용될
고체 및 고분자 전해질에 대한 소개
3.
당사의 전망자료에 근거한 전해액 시장전망을 통해 객관적인 데이터 제공
4.
한,중,일
주요 전해액 Player의 제품 및 생산 현황에 대한 상세한 정보 수록
<글로벌 전해액 시장
수요 전망 (~2030)> *SNE 배터리 수요 전망에 근거
<글로벌 전해액 수급 전망
(2018~2030)>
<비중국 전해액 수급 전망 (2018~2030)> *중국시장 수요 및 공급 제외
[목 차]
리포트 개요 ·············································································································································7
Chapter Ⅰ. 전해액
개요
1.1 전해액에 대한 이해 ·································································· 10
1.2 전해액 개발 동향
및 주요 이슈 ····························································· 13
Chapter Ⅱ. 액체
전해질의 개발 동향
2.1 액체 전해질의
구성 ····························································· 35
2.2 액체 전해질의
특성 ····························································· 56
2.3 난연소재 ········································································ 72
Chapter Ⅲ. 고분자
전해질의 개발 동향
3.1 고분자 전해질의
종류 ····························································· 101
3.2 고분자 전해질의
특성 ···························································· 113
3.3 고분자 전해질의
제조법 ·································································· 121
Chapter Ⅳ. 고체
전해질
4.1 고체 전해질 개발
필요성 ····························································· 130
4.2 고체 전해질의
종류 및 기술적 특성 ·················································
133
4.3 고체 전해질의 개발 동향 ················································································· 135
Chapter Ⅴ. 전해액 최신 개발 동향
5.1 고전압 전해액 용매 ····························································· 152
5.2 리튬염
·········································································· 159
5.3 첨가제 ················································································ 173
5.4 고분자 전해질 ············································································ 200
Chapter Ⅵ. 전해액
용매
6.1 환형 카보네이트 ······················································································· 205
6.2 선형 카보네이트
······················································································· 209
6.3 전극 표면 보호피막
형성용 첨가제에 의한 가스 발생 메커니즘 ················ 216
Chapter Ⅶ. 전해액
첨가제
7.1 High-Ni계 양극 계면
안정화를 위한 전해액 첨가제 ·················· 226
7.2 출력 특성 향상을
위한 전해액 첨가제 ········································· 232
7.3 LiFSI 염을 사용하는
전해액 ························································
235
7.4 열안정성 향상을
위한 난연성 첨가제 ············································· 237
7.5 고용량 음극 계면
안정화를 위한 첨가제 ······································· 238
Chapter Ⅷ-1.
전해액 시장 동향 및 전망
8.1.1 국가별 전해액
사용량 현황 ····························································· 240
8.1.2 용도별 전해액
사용량 현황 ···························································· 242
8.1.3 공급 업체별 시장
현황 ·································································· 244
8.1.4 LIB 업체별 전해액
수요 현황 ·····················································
252
(SDI/LGES/SKon/Panasonic/CATL/ATL/BYD/Lishen/Guoxuan(Gotion)/AESC)
8.1.5 전해액 수요 전망
····················································································· 317
8.1.6 전해액 CAPA 및 수급 전망 ···································································· 318
8.1.7 전해액 가격 동향
······················································································ 320
8.1.8 전해액 시장 규모
전망 ················································································ 323
Chapter Ⅷ-2. 전해액 소재별 현황
8.2.1 범용 리튬염 (LiPF6) ······································································································ 324
8.2.2 非 LiPF6 리튬염 ············································································································ 325
8.2.3 기능성 첨가제
···········································································································
327
Chapter Ⅸ. 전해액 생산업체 현황
9.1 한국 전해액 업체 ······················································································ 329
Dongwha Electrolyte / Soulbrain / Enchem / Foosung /
Chunbo / Chemtros
9.2 일본 전해액 업체 ···················································································· 374
Mitsubishi / Ube / Centralglass / Tomiyama / MUIS /
Nippon Shokubai
9.3 중국 전해액 업체 ······················································································ 411
Tinci / Capchem / Guotai Huarong / Shanshan / Jinniu / DFD / Shinghwa