<2024> Technology Trends and Market Outlook of Lithium-ion Secondary Battery Anode Materials (~2035)
There are three issues below that continue to be issued regarding
anode materials for secondary batteries.
1) Expansion
of silicon anode materials due to fast charging issues
2) In
relation to IRA, subsidies cannot be applied to Chinese graphite anode
materials, and as a countermeasure to this, graphite sourcing sources outside
of China are being discovered.
3) R&D
on anode materials for next-generation batteries (Sodium-ion batteries,
All-solid-state batteries)
First, 1) Silicon anode materials are being driven strongly due to
the need for improved energy density and fast charging due to high specific
capacity, but the biggest issue is that a dominant silicon anode material
platform has not yet emerged.
SiOx and Si-C, which are currently the mainstream silicon anode
materials, are still quite expensive, and it is difficult to say that
technological and price superiority has yet been established compared to new
technologies, products, and manufacturing methods currently being researched or
developed. Currently, more than 100 battery companies, material companies,
mid-sized companies, start-ups, or academic/research institutes around the
world are conducting various research and development and product launches on
silicon anode materials, so technologically advanced products and manufacturing
methods will emerge in the future. In this report, we investigated these
silicon anode material companies in detail.
Second, 2) discovering sourcing sources for graphite anode
materials outside of China. Currently, 98% of LIB anode materials are graphite,
and Chinese companies account for more than 90% of graphite supply. In
accordance with the IRA bill proposed by US, it was initially decided not to
provide subsidies for xEV batteries containing anode materials manufactured by
companies in foreign countries of concern (FEOC) such as China from January
2025, but it was difficult to apply this in reality. Therefore, in May 2024,
they decided to postpone the triggering of these conditions for two years and
apply them from January 2027.
Although we have gained two years of time, we must immediately
discover sources for graphite anode materials outside of China. Therefore, we
need to look for graphite companies in the US or Europe, but it is not easy to
find a suitable supplier in terms of technology and quantity. In this
report, we also investigated the status of non-Chinese graphite anode material
companies in detail, such as in Australia, Europe, and the United States.
Lastly, 3) R&D on SIB or ASB anode materials. Hard carbon is
mainly used as the anode material for sodium-ion batteries, which adopted
sodium (Na) as a transport material in batteries instead of lithium (Li), which
has a limited amount of mining. In addition, in some silicon anode materials,
porous hard carbon is used as a support for nano silicon, so hard carbon is
considered an important material that can be used as the anode material among
materials other than graphite and silicon.
In some cases, carbon-based materials (graphite, hard carbon) or
silicon are used as anode materials for all-solid-state batteries (ASSB), but
Li-metal is also being continuously reviewed, so if Li-metal is used, the scope
of secondary battery anode materials is expected to be expanded. We should be
interested in the trend of hard carbon, which is an amorphous carbon material,
or lithium anode material, a complete metal. Representative new anode material
candidates that are being researched/developed or partially applied in line
with this trend include silicon-based and Li metal, and improvements to
existing carbon-based anode materials are also being carried out in parallel,
and research on anode-free and fast charging technology is actively underway. This
report reflects these recent trends and R&D status.
In particular, the latest technological trends centered on
silicon-based materials and Li metal were discussed in depth, and the
performance improvement of existing and new materials and the R&D status of
hybrid products were also examined. This report also looked at industry
trends in fast charging technology design and anode-free technology.
In addition, this report analyzed the use of anode materials
and SCM of major battery companies in detail for the past three years. Each
type (natural graphite, artificial graphite, silicon-based) of supply-chain
companies were divided into Tier1, Tier2, and countries, and more than 100
companies were analyzed in detail.
We hope this report will be helpful in analyzing the global
secondary battery market, anode material market and in business strategy.
INDEX
Report
Overview ······································································································································· 8
Chapter
Ⅰ. Anode Material Technology Status and Development Trend
1.1
Introduction ······································································································································ 11
1.2
Types of Anode Material·················································································································· 14
1.2.1
Li-metal
1.2.2
Carbon-based Anode Material
1.2.3
Anode Material Development Status
Chapter
Ⅱ. Carbon-based Anode Material
2.1
Overview of Carbon-based Anode Material ············································································· 23
2.2
Manufacturing Carbon-based Anode Material ········································································ 23
2.2.1
Gas-phase Carbonization
2.2.2
Liquid-phase Carbonization
2.2.3
Solid-phase Carbonization
2.3
Soft Carbon-based Anode Material ····························································································· 27
2.3.1
Structural Properties
2.3.2
Electrochemial Properties
2.3.3
Electrode Reaction Mechanism
2.3.4
Manufacturing Method
2.3.5
Artificial Graphite
2.3.6
Natural Graphite
2.3.7
Carbon Calcinated in Low Temperature
2.3.8
Other Materials
2.4
Hard Carbon-based Anode Material ·························································································· 62
2.4.1
Structural Properties
2.4.2
Electrochemical Properties
2.4.3
Electrode Reaction Mechanism
2.4.4
Manufacturing Method
2.5
Recollecting and Recycling of Carbon-based Anode Materials from Waste Batteries
······ 68
Chapter
Ⅲ. Alloy-based Anode Material
3.1
Overview of Alloy-based Anode Material ···································································
70
3.2
Properties of Alloy-based Anode Material
············································································ 70
3.3
Problems and Solutions of Alloy-based Anode Material ······················································
73
3.3.1
Representative Problems
3.3.2
Metal Composite Anode Material
3.3.3
Metal-Carbon Composite Anode Material
3.4
SiOx-based Anode Material ·······································································································
105
3.4.1
Structural Properties
3.4.2
Electrochemical Properties
3.4.3
Manufacturing Method
3.4.4
Application of Prelithiation Process
3.5
Research on Practical Application of Si-based Anode Material ···········································
114
3.5.1
Difference of Electrochemical Behaviors
3.5.2
Single Si Electrode and Si/Graphite Mixed Electrode
3.6
Other Si-based Anode Materials
·································································································
116
3.6.1
3D Porous Si
3.6.2
Si Nanotube
3.6.3
Metal/Alloy Thin Film Anode Material
Chapter
Ⅳ. Compound Anode Material
4.1
Oxide-based Anode Material
·········································································································
125
4.2
Nitride-based Anode Material·······································································································
130
4.3
2D Planar Structure Inorganic Compound (Mxenes)………………………………………… 131
Chapter
Ⅴ. High Power Anode Material
5.1
Overview of High Power Anode Material
········································································ 134
5.2
Intercalation Material
··············································································································
134
5.2.1
Carbon Material
5.2.2
LTO(Li4Ti5O12)
5.3
Alloy-based Material ······················································································································ 138
5.4
Transition Material ······················································································································ 138
5.5
Nano-structured Micro Particles ······················································································ 139
5.5.1
Nano-structured Micro Carbon Material
5.5.2
Nano-structured Micro Li4Ti5O12
5.5.3
Nano-structured Micro Si-Carbon Composite Active Material
5.6
Multi Channel Structure Graphite ····························································································· 143
5.7
Si-Graphite Hybrid Material (SEAG) ························································································ 145
5.8 Graphene-SiO2 Material (Graphene
Ball) ····································································· 146
5.9 Fast Charging from Anode Perspective ……………………………………………………….. 148
5.9.1
Influence Factors of Anode Material
5.9.2
Influence Factors of Electrode
5.9.3
Fast Charging Technology Design of Major Battery Manufacturers
5.9.4
Cases of Anode Technology Development for Fast Charging
5.10
Conclusion and Outlook ······································································································· 166
Chapter
Ⅵ. Li-metal Anode
6.1
Overview of Li-metal Anode ········································································································ 167
6.2
R&D Status of Li-metal Anode ································································································ 169
6.2.1 Artificial Surface Protection
Layer (ASEI, formation of Artificial SEI layer)
6.2.2 New Structure
6.2.3 Hybrid Structure
6.2.4 Electrolyte modification
6.3
Problem and Outlook of Practical Application for Lithium Metal Anode …………. 180
6.4
Anode-Free LIB …………………………………………………………………………………….. 184
Chapter
Ⅶ. Anode's Effect on Safety
7.1
Thermal Stability of Anode ································································································· 192
7.2
Safety During Fast Charging ····································································································· 198
Chapter
Ⅷ. Global Supply Status and Outlook of
Anode Material
8.1
Anode Material Demand Outlook by Application (‘21~’35)
····································· 203
8.2
Anode Material Demand Outlook by Type (‘21~’35) ···········································
204
8.3
Anode Material Total Shipment(Supply) Volume by Supplier (‘21~’24) ···············
206
8.4
Anode Material Total Shipment(Supply) M/S by Supplier
(‘21~’24)······················ 208
SDI/LGC/SKI/Panasonic/CATL/ATL/BYD/Lishen/Guoxuan/AESC/CALB
8.5
Shipment Volume of Natural Graphite(NG) Anode Material by Supplier (‘21~24)
······ 209
8.6
Shipment M/S of NG Anode Material by Supplier (‘21~24) ··································
211
8.7
Shipment Volume of Artificial Graphite(AG) Anode Material by Supplier
(‘21~24)·········· 212
8.8
Shipment M/S of AG Anode Material by Supplier (‘21~24) ·····························
214
8.9
Silicon Anode Material Shipment Volume & M/S by Supplier (In 2023)
···················· 215
8.10 Comprehensive Analysis of Anode Material
Supplier Status (In 2023) ························· 216
8.11 Anode Material Supplier NG Capa. Expansion
Plan & Demand/Supply Outlook (‘21~’30) ··················································
217
8.12.
Anode Material Supplier AG(SG) Capa. Expansion Plan & Demand/Supply Outlook
(‘21~’30)···················218
8.13 Anode Material Price Outlook by Type
(‘21~’30) ························································· 219
8.14 Anode Material Market Size Outlook (‘21~’30)
·································································· 220
Chapter
Ⅸ. Current Status and Outlook of Anode Material Demand by LIB Suppliers
9.1 Anode Material's Overall Demand
Performance, Outlook and Issues ····················· 222
9.2 Current Status and Outlook of Anode
Material Demand by Major LIB Suppliers······· 224
9.3 Supply/Demand Status Among Major
Companies ·······················································235
Chapter
X. Current Status of Graphite-Focused Anode Material Companies
10.1
Global Top12 ·················································································································
239
BTR
/ Shanshan / Zichen / Kaijin / Shangtai / Shinzoom / XFH / Kuntian / Dongdao /
POSCO / Resonac / Mitsubishi
10.2
Other Companies in China/Japan/Korea
·················································································
287
Hitachi/Mitsubishi/Nippon
Carbon/JFE/Tokai Carbon/Showa Denko/Shinetsu/Kureha
10.3
Companies in US/Europe/Other Regions
···············································································
332
Syrah
/ Westwater / Talga / NMG / Next source Mat. / Mangnis / Renascor / Epsilon /
Urbix /
Novonix
/ Anovion…
Chapter
XI. Current Status of Silicon-Focused Anode Material Companies
11.1
Si-Anode Companies in Japan, Korea
······················································································
379
Shin-Etsu
/ JMC (Japan Metal & Chemicals) / Daejoo Electronic Materials / Posco Future M /
Posco
Silicon Solution (Former TERA TECHNOS) / SKMG14 (SK Materials-Group14) / SK Ultimus
(Nexeon) /
MK
Electronics / Iljin Electric / EG / Hansol Chemical / Innox Advanced Materials
(TRS) / FIC New Materials / LPN / Osaka Titanium /
TCK(Tokai
Carbon Korea) / Truewin (formerly NM Tech) / Korea Metal Silicon / EN Plus /
Lotte Energy
Materials
(Enwires) / Dongjin Semichem / SJ Advanced Materials / IL Science / S Material
/ HNS Co., Ltd. / Wipinetech/
Hana
Materials / Grabsil / BSG Materials / Actro / Siri Energy
11.2
Si-Anode Companies in China ································································································
473
IOPSILION,
Tianmu 天目先导 / Chengdu Guibao 成都硅宝 / iAmetal, Beijing Yijin 北京壹金 /
Gotion
国轩高科
/ Shinghwa 胜华新材料
/ Kingi 湖南金硅 / JereH 烟台杰瑞 / Huawei 华为 /
Haoxin
Tech 青岛昊鑫
/ Guiyuan 常州硅源 / Yuling New Energy 昱瓴新能源
/ Zhejiang Lichen
浙江锂宸 / Lanxi Zhide 兰溪致德新能源
11.3
Si-Anode Companies in US, Europe and Other regions ······················································
509
Group14
(US) / Nexeon (UK) / Sila Nano (US) / Amprius (US) / Enovix (US) / Elkem (Nor)
/
Enevate
(US) / Neo Battery (Canada) / OneD (US) / Nanograf (US) / StoreDot (Israel) /
Targray
(Canada) / Global Graphene Group (US) / EO Cell (US) / ADVANO (US) /Nanospan
(US)
/
LeydenJar (Nether.) / Trion Battery (Canada) / Cenate (Norway) / SiCONA (AU) /
Alkegen (US)
/
pH Matter LLC (US) / Paraclete Energy (US) / Himadri Specialty Chem (India) /
E-Magy (Nether)
/
Ionblox (US) / Nanomakers (Fra.) / SiLi-ion (US) / Ionic Mineral Tech (US) /
Ionobell (US) /
The
Coretec group (US) / Enwires (Fra.) / FARADPOWER (US) / SilLion (US) / Talga
(AU) /
SGL
Carbon SE (Ger)
Chapter
XII. References