<2024> LIB Si-Anode Technology Status and Outlook (~2035)
The anode material for lithium-ion
batteries has predominantly been carbon-based to date. In the early stages,
amorphous carbon materials were widely used, but presently, natural and
synthetic graphite are the primary choices. Recently, there has been active
consideration of new anode materials, particularly those centered around
silicon (Si), to overcome the theoretical capacity limits of graphite materials
and develop materials with excellent electrochemical reaction potential and
extended lifespan. The demand for high-capacity anode materials has been
increasing, particularly in the market for large-scale batteries used in
electric vehicles and energy storage systems. While carbon and graphite-based
anode materials were traditionally prevalent, there is a growing focus,
especially within the industry, on silicon-based anode materials, which are
metal composites. The competition to secure these materials has intensified as
the need for high-capacity anode rises. In this context, there is a continual
increase in new entrants developing and manufacturing silicon-based anode
materials.
As of early 2020, silicon-based
high-capacity materials were primarily developed by only 10-20 companies.
However, the current landscape shows that over 60 companies are actively
engaged in the development and preparation for mass production of silicon-based
materials. Silicon-based materials are essential for the development of
high-capacity batteries to address the range limitations of electric vehicles
and meet the demand for fast-charging capabilities. Electric vehicle OEMs and
battery companies anticipate a projected annual growth rate of 30% for
silicon anode materials until 2035. The market share of silicon anode materials
in the overall anode material market is expected to expand from 1% in 2019
to 7% in 2030 and further to 10% by 2035.
In addition to carbon-based and
graphite-based materials, Si-C composite, Si-alloy, and SiOx are representative
high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Among these, SiOx and
Si-alloy are the closest to commercialization, with some battery manufacturers
actively developing high-capacity batteries by incorporating them. However,
challenges such as lifespan and volume expansion (swelling) persist, prompting
ongoing efforts to address these issues. In the realm of silicon (Si)-based
anodes, recent announcements of related technological developments have been
made by both industry and academia. Anode material companies are also
concentrating on new technology development, fostering expectations for
imminent commercialization.
This
report serves as a technical document focusing on recent developments in the
anode material market for lithium-ion batteries used in xEV (electric
vehicles), ESS (energy storage systems), and IT applications. Specifically, it
delves into the technological advancements and performance enhancements in
Si-based anode development for high-capacity batteries. The report provides an
overview of the latest developments in Si-based high-capacity anode materials
(Si-alloy, SiOx, Si-C composite) by both industry and academia. It also
examines the current status and challenges associated with batteries
incorporating these materials, aiming to offer insights and potential solutions
for future developments in high-capacity/high-output battery technologies.
Strong Point of this report
① Overall market share
and technological status of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. (including
graphite-based and silicon-based materials.)
② Technical issues and
key technological factors related to high-capacity silicon-based anode
materials.
③ Recent technological
developments in silicon-based anode materials by battery manufacturers.
④ Applications and
commercialization prospects for future silicon-based anode materials.
⑤ Technological trends and product introductions from over 70 global
silicon-based anode material companies.
- Table of Contents -
Report Overview ····································································································································· 10
Chapter Ⅰ. Overview
of LIBs
1.1 History of LIBs ··················································································································· 12
1.2 Types and Characteristics of LIBs
································································································· 16
1.3. Principle of LIBs ·················································································································· 21
1.3.1 Charging /
Discharging Reactions
1.3.2 Voltage
1.3.3 Movement of Charge
and Ions
1.3.4 Theoretical
Capacity
1.4. Components of LIBs ········································································································· 35
1.4.1 Cathode active
materials
1.4.2 Anode active
materials
1.4.3 Seperator
1.4.4 Electrolyte
1.5. Application areas of LIBs ········································································································· 48
1.6. Technology Status and
Development Trend of Anode Materials ···································· 51
Chapter Ⅱ. Types
and Characteristics of LIB Anode Materials
2.1 Required Characteristics and
Types of LIB Anode Materials ··············································· 63
2.2 Characteristics of Carbon-based
Anode Materials ····························································· 65
2.2.1 Graphite-based Anode
Materials
2.2.2 Amorphous
Carbon-based Anode Materials
2.2.3 Carbon-based Anode
Materials / Electrolyte Interfacial Reaction
2.3 Characteristics of Metal-based
Anode Materials ··································································· 87
2.3.1 Lithium Metal Anode
Materials
2.3.2 Alloy-based Anode
Materials
2.4 Characteristics of Compound-Based
Anode Materials ························································ 106
2.4.1 Oxide-Based Anode
Materials
2.4.2 Nitride-Based Anode
Materials
Chapter Ⅲ. Current
Status of Technological Development for High-Capacity Si-Based Anode Materials
for Lithium-ion Batteries
3.1 Development History and Direction
of High-Capacity Lithium-ion Batteries ····················
116
3.2 Basic Characteristics of
High-Capacity Si-based Anode Materials ······································· 123
3.2.1 Lithium
Insertion/Extraction Reactions of Si-based Anode Materials
3.2.2 Issues of Si-based
Anode Materials and Degradation Mechanisms
3.2.3 Volume Expansion
Control of Si-based Anode Materials
3.3 Problems and Solutions for
Alloy-based Anode Materials ············································ 137
3.3.1 Representative
Problems
3.3.2 Metal
Composite-based Anode Materials
3.3.3 Metal-Carbon
Composite-based Anode Materials
3.3 Trends in the Technological
Development of High-Capacity Si Anode Materials ············· 169
3.3.1 SiOx Anode Materials
Structural Characteristics
Electrochemical Properties
Manufacturing Methods
Application of
Prelithiation Process
3.3.2 Si-C Composite Anode
Materials
3.3.3 Si-M Alloy Anode
Materials
3.3.4 Practical
Application Research of Si Anode Materials
Differences of Electrochemical Behavior
Si Single Electrode and Si/Graphite
Hybrid Electrode
3.3.5 Various Nanostructures of Si-based Anode
Materials
Si nanostructure
Porous Si structure
Nano-Si/C structure
Nano-Si/metal or polymer structure
3.3.6 Binders for Si-based
Anode Materials
3.3.7 Current Collectors
for Si-based Anode Materials
3.3.8 Comprehensive Review
of Research Trends in Si-based Anodes and Future Research Directions
3.3.9 Examples of Si-based
Anode Material Developments in Academic/Industries
3.3.10 Key Technology
Roadmap for Si-Based Anode Materials
Chapter Ⅳ. Current
Status of High-Output Si-Based Anode Material Technology Development
4.1 Overview of High-Output Anode Materials
············································································ 236
4.2 Anode Materials for High-Output Fast
Charging ····························································· 237
4.2.1 Intercalation Materials
4.2.2 Alloy-based Materials / Transition Materials
4.2.3 Nano-Structured Micro-Sized Particles
(Nano-structured micro-sized particles)
4.2.4 Si-Graphite Hybrid Materials (SEAG)
4.2.5 Graphene-SiO2 Materials (Graphene Ball)
4.3
Fast Charging from Anode Perspective
··········································································· 248
4.3.1 Factors Influencing Anode Materials (Active
Materials)
4.3.2 Factors Influencing Electrodes
4.3.3 Design of Fast Charging Technology by Major
Battery Companies
4.4.4 Summary and Future Outlook
Chapter Ⅴ. Trends
and Outlook in the LIB Anode Material Market
5.1 Current Status of LIB Anode
Material Market ······································································· 260
5.1.1 Demand for Anode Materials by Country
5.1.2 Demand for Anode Materials by Material Type
5.1.3 Market Status by Supplier
5.1.4 Demand for Anode Materials by LIB Companies
SDI/LGES/SKon/Panasonic/CATL/ATL/BYD/Lishen/Guoxuan/AESC/CALB
5.2 Supply Outlook for LIB Anode
Materials··················································································· 306
5.2.1 Outlook of Anode
Material Production Capacity
5.2.2 Status and Outlook of Anode Material
Shipments
5.2.3 Supply Outlook for Anode Materials
5.3 Price Outlook for LIB Anode
Materials··················································································· 310
5.3.1 Anode Material Price Structure
NG/AG/Si-based
5.3.2 Anode Material Price Trends
NG/AG/Si-based
5.3.3 Price Status of Different Types of Graphite
5.3.4 Price Status of Needle Coke and Pitch
5.3.5 Price Outlook by Anode Material Suppliers
Chapter Ⅵ. Current
Status of LIB Anode Material Manufacturers
6.1 Summary of LIB Anode Material
Companies ····························································· 320
6.2 Current Status of LIB Anode
Material Manufacturers ·············································· 324
Graphite/Carbon-Based
Anode Material Manufacturers
1. BTR ···································································································································· 325
2. Shanshan ·························································································································· 330
3. Zichen ······························································································································· 334
4.
Shinzoom(Changsha Xingcheng) ················································································ 337
5. Kaijin ································································································································· 341
6.
XFH(XiangFengHua) ······································································································ 345
7. Hitachi
Chemical(Resonac) ·························································································· 348
8. Mitsubishi Chemical ······································································································ 352
9. JFE
Chemical ··················································································································· 355
10. POSCO
FutureM ················································································································· 358
11. Aekyung Chemical ··········································································································· 362
Si-based
Anode Material Manufacturers (Korean/Asian)
12. Daejoo Electronic Materials ························································································ 369
13. Shin-Etsu ························································································································ 375
14. MK Electronics ················································································································· 378
15. Il-jin Electric ··················································································································· 382
16. EG ···································································································································· 385
17. Hansol Chemical ············································································································· 388
18. Innox Eco Chemical ········································································································ 391
19. FIC Advanced Materials ································································································ 394
20. LPN ·································································································································· 398
21. Osaka Titan ···················································································································· 407
22. POSCO Silicon Solution ·································································································· 410
23. TCK((TOKAI CARBON KOREA) ··········································································· 414
24. NM Tech(Acquired by Truewin) ···················································································· 416
25. KBG ·································································································································· 419
26. Neo Battery Materials ·································································································· 421
27. Korea Metal Silicon ········································································································· 427
28. EN PLUS ······················································································································· 430
29. Lotte Energy Materials ·································································································· 432
30. Dong-jin Semichem········································································································· 434
31. SJ Advanced Materials ··································································································· 435
32. IEL Science ··············································································································· 439
33. S Materials ··················································································································· 442
34. ㈜HNS ······························································································································ 443
35. Y-Fine Tech ······················································································································· 445
36. Hana Materials ·············································································································· 447
Si-Based Anode Material Manufacturers (Chinese)
37. Haoxin Tech ····················································································································· 449
38. Longtime Tech ················································································································· 451
39. Gotion ······························································································································· 453
40. Shinghwa ·························································································································· 455
41. Tianmulake ······················································································································· 456
42. Chengdu Guibao ············································································································· 461
43. Jereh ·································································································································· 463
44. Huawei ······························································································································ 465
45. Xinan ································································································································· 469
46. Kingi ·································································································································· 471
Si-based Anode Material Manufacturers (North America, Europe)
47. Group14 (With SK Materials) ···················································································· 474
48. NEXEON (With SKC) ······································································································· 478
49.
Sila Nano Technologies ································································································· 483
50.
Enovix ································································································································ 487
51.
Enervate ···························································································································· 491
52. EO Cell ······························································································································· 495
53.
Amprius Technologies ···································································································· 498
54. Nanotek' Instrument ······································································································ 503
55. One D ································································································································ 506
56.
Nanograf ··························································································································· 510
57.
LeydenJar ·························································································································· 512
58. ADVANO ···························································································································· 514
59. Targray ······························································································································· 517
60. StoreDot ·········································································································· 519
61. Trion Battery ··················································································································· 523
62. Black Diamond Structures ···························································································· 526
63. Nanospan ··························································································································· 527
Chapter Ⅶ. References