<2023> The Present and Future of All Solid-State Battery Manufacturing Technology
(Subtitle: In-depth Analysis on Manufacturing Technology and R&D Trend of Major Companies)
The performance of lithium-ion battery
(LIB), most widely used today, has been improved through continuous technology
development propped up with an explosive demand in new electronic devices and
electric vehicles. Particularly, the energy density has been dramatically
increased from 80Wh/kg in the nascent stage to 300Wh/kg of these days. However,
a high energy density implies a possible risk of fire or explosion. Lithium-ion
battery may have an explosion triggered bWy internal overheating, secondary
heat release from outside, and electrical defect caused by mechanical damage,
excessive discharging, and overcharging.
To prevent such risk, all solid-state
battery to which solid electrolyte is applied has become regarded as a
next-generation battery technology. Megatrends in all solid-state battery can
be summarized as follows: excellent safety; high energy density; high power
output; wide range of workable temperature; and simple battery structure.
Thanks to these properties, all solid-state battery can be free from explosion
risks. In addition, solid electrolyte has a better ionic conductivity than
liquid electrolyte when the temperature is below 0℃
or between 60~100℃.
According to market forecast by SNE
Research, the global all solid-state battery market posted a high growth of
180%, reaching approx. 27.5 million dollar in 2022 and is expected to form a
huge market worth of approx. 40 billion dollars in 2030. The Korean government
also sees the next decade to be a turning point for countries to determine
their positions in the global LIB market. Along with the announcement of
<2030 K-Battery Development Strategy>, the government has been providing
support for technology development with an aim to achieve the commercialization
of all solid-state battery in 2027.
To brace for a rapid paradigm shift from
lithium-ion battery to all solid-state battery, it is necessary to take an
preemptive measure to carry out deep-dive research on key ASB materials and development
of mass production technology. Meanwhile, the expected time frame for ASB
commercialization has been postponed to 2030 because companies have not exerted
sufficient effort to develop related materials and the production technology
has not been fully established yet. Given all these circumstances, this
report aims to present the cell configuration of all solid-state battery of
which possibility in commercialization is highest. We identify the issues
related to materials and manufacturing technology and then propose feasible
solutions to those issues.
In
addition, we analyze announcements and patent applications by major companies
regarding the development of all solid-state battery to learn more about their
manufacturing technology. Based on a deep-dive analysis on the manufacturing
technology and processes, we identify their advantages/disadvantages and try to
find suitable manufacturing processes for all solid-state battery.
Strong Points:
①
All
solid-state battery technology trend and market outlook
②
Solid
electrolyte-related issues and solutions
③
Cell
configuration and issues to consider in case of apply solid electrolyte to
battery
④
Comparison
of all-solid-state battery cell manufacturing technology and process
⑤
Trend
of manufacturing technology by major companies such as Toyota, SES, Solid Power
- Contents -
- All-Solid-State Battery Overview
1.1 All-Solid-State Battery (ASB)
1.1.1 Limitations in LIB 12
1.1.2 Necessity for All-solid-state
Battery Development 13
1.1.3 Application of All-solid-state
Battery 14
1.1.4 All-solid-state Battery Market
Outlook 15
1.1.5 All-solid-state Battery Patent
Application Status by Country 16
1.1.6 All-solid-state Battery Paper
Publication Status by Country 18
1.2 All-Solid-State Battery Solid
Electrolyte
1.2.1 Solid Electrolyte Type and
Composition 19
1.2.2 Solid Electrolyte Major Players
by Type 20
1.2.3 Solid Electrolyte Major Players’
Trend 21
1.2.4 Solid Electrolyte Patent
Application Status by Type 22
1.2.5 Inorganic Solid Electrolyte
Patent Application Status by Type 23
1.3 All-Solid-State Technology Trend
1.3.1 OEMs’ R&D and Response Status 24
1.3.2 Material Parts Developers’
R&D and Response Status 25
1.3.3 Battery Makers’ R&D and
Response Status 26
1.3.4 Battery Makers (OEMs)
Response Status by Solid Electrolyte 28
1.3.5
Expected ASB Production Timeline and Energy Density by Battery Makers 30
1.4 All-Solid-State Battery
Market Outlook
1.4.1
Market Outlook by Research Firm 31
1.4.2
Market Outlook by Electrolyte Type 32
1.4.3
Market Expansion Stage 33
1.4.4
Solid Electrolyte Market by Type 34
1.4.5
Solid Electrolyte Market Share Outlook by Type 35
- Solid Electrolyte
2.1 Oxide-based Solid Electrolyte
2.1.1 Properties of Oxide-based
Electrolyte 37
2.1.2 Related Properties of Oxide-based Electrolyte 38
2.1.3 Ionic Conductivity and Applications
of Oxide Solid Electrolyte by Type 39
2.1.4 NASICON-based 40
2.1.5 Garnet-based 41
2.1.6 Perovskite-based 42
2.1.7 Major Issues of Oxide
Electrolyte 43
2.1.8 Specific Issues and
Solutions of Oxide Electrolyte 44
2.2 Sulfide-based Solid Electrolyte
2.2.1 Features of Sulfide-based Electrolyte:
Advantages 45
2.2.2 Features of Sulfide-based Electrolyte:
Disadvantages 47
2.2.3 Features of Sulfide-based
Electrolyte 47
2.2.4 Ionic Conductivity and Application of
Sulfide-based Solid Electrolyte by Type 48
2.2.5 LPS-based 49
2.2.6 LPS-based: crystal structure 50
2.2.7 Thio-LISICON based 51
2.2.8 LGPS-based 52
2.2.9 LGPS-based : Structure and ionic
conductivity 53
2.2.10
Agyrodites 54
2.2.11 Specific Issues and Solutions for
Sulfide-base Electrolyte 55
2.3 Polymer Solid Electrolyte
2.3.1 Types and Properties of Polymer
Matrix 56
2.3.2 Types and Benefit/Shortcomings of
Polymer Electrolyte 57
2.3.3 Features of Polymer Electrolyte 58
2.3.4 Issues and Solutions of Polymer
Electrolyte 59
2.4 Compatibility of Solid Electrolyte
2.4.1 Issues with ASB Cell to Consider 60
2.4.2 Cathode-Electrolyte Compatibility
Issue 62
2.4.3 Anode-Electrolyte Compatibility
Issue 63
3.
All-Solid-State Battery Electrodes
3.1 Cathode
3.1.1 Cathode Active Material Applied to
All-Solid-State Battery 65
3.1.2 Trend in Cathode Active Material 66
3.1.3 Cathode and Compound Cathode processing 67
3.2 Anode
3.2.1 Silicon Anode 70
3.2.2 Si/Graphite Anode 71
3.2.3 Lithium Anode -72
3.2.4 Lithium Metal Anode processing -73
3.2.5
Anodeless-75
3.2.6 Thin film or anode-less application
-76
3.2.7 Lithium Metal and Silicon Anode
processing 77
3.2.8 Comparison of Anode-less and Other
Anodes -78
3.2.9 Comparison of production method for
lithium metal anode and silicon anode -79
4.
All Solid State Battery Cell
4.1 Manufacturing of solid state batteries
4.1.1 Solid Electrolyte
processing-81
4.1.2 Cell Assembly-82
4.1.3 Cell Finishing-83
4.1.4 Comparison of manufacturing process
of Solid state batteries and LIBs (1)-84
4.1.5 Comparison of manufacturing process
of Solid state batteries and LIBs (2) -86
4.1.6 Material cost of solid state batteries-87
4.1.7 Manufacturing cost of solid state battery cells-87
4.1.8 Cost Comparison of Solid
Electrolytes for Solid State Batteries -88
4.1.9 Promising Concept of Solid State
Battery Cell-89
4.1.10 Manufacturing of solid state battery
cells-90
4.2 Oxide-based Solid State
Batteries
4.2.1 Most
promising cell configuration-91
4.2.2 Considerations in terms of cell structure -92
4.2.3 Considerations
for Battery Production-93
4.2.4 Key
Performance Indicators-94
4.2.5 Changes in Cell Concept-95
4.3 Sulfide-based
Solid State Batteries
4.3.1 Cell Configuration-96
4.3.2 Considerations in terms
of cell structure-97
4.3.3 Considerations
for Battery Production-98
4.3.4 Key
Performance Indicators -99
4.3.5 Structure (Silicon anode applied)-100
4.3.6 Considerations in terms
of cell structure when applying Si/C composite anode -101
4.3.7 Considerations for cell
production when applying Si/C composite anode -102
4.3.8 Key performance
indicators when applying Si/C composite anode 103
4.4 Polymer-based
Solid State Batteries
4.4.1 Configuration of polymer
solid state batteries -104
4.4.2 Considerations in terms of cell structure -105
4.4.3 Considerations
for cell production -106
4.4.4 Key
performance indicators -107
4.5 Cell Energy Density
4.5.1 Assumptions for Base and Advanced
Version of Cell Materials -108
4.5.2 Weight and volume energy density -109
4.5.3 Expected scenario and Roadmap -110
5.
Manufacturing Technology of All
Solid State Batteries
5.1 Laboratory Cell Production
5.1.1 Laboratory
Level Cell Production -113
5.1.2 Powder pressing Cell
Production -114
5.1.3 Three-electrode cell production
process by using powder pressing -116
5.1.4 Coin Cell Production Process -117
5.1.5 All solid state battery roadmap of Japan NEDO -118
5.1.6 Pouch Cell Production Process: NEDO
Standard Cell -119
5.1.7 Pouch Cell Production Process : NEDO demonstration cell -120
5.1.8 Production of NEDO Large Area Laminated Demonstration Cell-121
5.1.9 First Generation Solid State
Demonstration Cell LIB -122
5.1.10 Japan NEDO : Next Generation Solid State Demonstration Cell LIB-123
5.2 Cell Manufacturing Technology
5.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages as per
solid state battery type -124
5.2.2 Suitable manufacturing method
according to solid electrolyte type 125
5.2.3 Comparison of CIP, WIP, HIP -126
5.2.4 Suitable methods according to solid
electrolyte type -127
5.2.5 Densification process of
electrode/electrolyte layer-128
5.2.6 Production of composite electrodes
and separators -129
5.2.7 Lamination & Stacking Process -130
5.2.8 Slurry/solution casting process -131
5.2.9 Extrusion process-132
5.2.10 Tape casting process -133
5.2.11 Electrolyte infusion process -134
5.3 Cell Manufacturing Process
5.3.1 Common LIB production process -135
5.3.2 Solid state cells : Production of
cathode -136
5.3.3 Solid state cells : Production of
anode -137
5.3.4 Solid state cells : Production of
cell -138
5.3.5 Solid state cells : Cell
conditioning -139
5.3.6 Solid state
cells : Cell processing cost -140
5.3.7 Solid state
cells : Process comparison -142
5.3.8 Entire Flow of Cell Production -144
5.3.9 Solid Electrolyte Separator
Manufacturing Process Flow -145
5.3.10 Details of Solid Electrolyte
Separator Manufacturing Process -146
5.3.11 Manufacturing process of solid
electrolyte separator (on composite cathode) -147
5.3.12 Anode production process flow 148
5.3.13 Details of anode
production process -149
5.3.14 Lithium foil
manufacturing process -150
5.3.15 Composite Cathode : Main production process flow -151
5.3.16 Composite cathode production process (in detail) -152
5.3.17 Composite
cathode production process and equipement -153
5.3.18 Main process flow of cell assembly -154
5.3.19 Main process of cell assembly (in
detail) -155
5.3.20 Cell assembly : Stack production
process -156
5.3.21 Comparison of advantages / disadvantages
of each manufacturing process -157
5.3.22 Production Process of Oxide Solid
Electrolyte-Applied Cells -158
5.3.23 Manufacture of cathode and anode
for SSB by using LIB process 160
5.3.24 Post-Process of Solid State Cells
by using LIB Process --161
5.4 Cell manufacturing method
5.4.1 Limits of plane press and roll
press -162
5.4.2 Difference of HIP(Hot Isostatic
Pressing) and Hot Pressing 163
5.4.3 Comparison: solid electrolyte
treated by conventional sintering method vs HIP -164
5.4.4 Wet manufacturing method of cathode material --166
5.4.5 Coating the surface of cathode active material 169
5.4.6 Forming active material composite
and shaping spherical form -170
6. Manufacturing Technology in Major Companies
6.1 TOYOTA
6.1.1 Identifying cause of performance
degradation of Toyota's solid state battery-172
6.1.2 Performance degradation in long
cycle -173
6.1.3 Toyota's counter-measures for the
performance degradation -174
6.1.4 Counter-measures and Solutions --175
6.1.5 Toyota's Step of Applying Solid
State Batteries -176
6.1.6 Toyota's Solid State Battery
Manufacturing: Pressing 177
6.1.7 Toyota's Solid State Battery
Manufacturing : Sublimable filler 180
6.1.8 Toyota's Solid State Battery
Manufacturing : HIP -181
6.1.9 Toyota's Solid State Battery
Manufacturing : Resin packaging -183
6.2 HONDA
6.2.1 Honda’s Direction of Solid State Cell Manufacturing -188
6.2.2 Honda’s Direction of Solid State Cell Manufacturing 189
6.2.3 Honda's Solid State Battery
Manufacturing Process: Mixing -190
6.2.4 Honda's Solid State Battery
Manufacturing Process: Electrode Coating --91
6.2.5 Solid State Battery Manufacturing
Process : Bonding roll pressing -192
6.2.6 Solid State Battery Manufacturing
Process : Electrode slitting -193
6.2.7 Solid State Battery Manufacturing
Process : Bonding roll pressing -194
6.2.8 Solid State Battery Manufacturing
Process : Stacking --195
6.2.9 Solid State Battery Manufacturing
Process : Tab welding, assembly, sealing -196
6.2.10 Solid State Battery Manufacturing
Process : Aging, Inspection -197
6.3 Nissan
6.3.1 Direction of Solid State Cell
Manufacturing -198
6.3.2 Overview of Solid State Battery
Manufacturing Process -200
6.3.3 Solid State Battery Manufacturing
Process -201
6.4 SES
6.4.1 SES Overall cell structure -206
6.4.2 Cell Performance -207
6.4.3 SES cell P/P line major processes -208
6.5 Solid Power
6.5.1 Solid state battery structure and
development line-up --209
6.5.2 Solid state cell manufacturing
process --210
6.5.3 Roadmap of Si Anode Solid State
Batteries --211
6.5.4 Roadmap of Li Anode Solid State
Batteries -212
6.5.5 Solid State Battery Production
Roadmap -213
6.6 Blue Solution
6.6.1 LMP® Solid state battery structure --214
6.6.2 Manufacturing process of Blue
Solution -215
6.6.3 Solid state battery roadmap -216
6.7 QuantumScape
6.7.1 Cell performance of solid state
batteries -217
6.7.2 Solide state cell manufacturing
process and cell characteristics-218
6.7.3 Solide state battery roadmap --219
6.8 ProLogium
6.8.1 Solid state battery cell structure -220
6.8.2 Solid state battery structure and
performance -221
6.8.3 Solid state battery
production line -222
6.8.4 Solid state battery production
process-223
6.9 Johnson Energy Storage
6.9.1 Cell information and related
characteristics-224
6.9.2 Slurry coating process 225
6.9.3 Co-extrusion process -227
6.10 TaiyoYuden(太陽誘電)
6.10.1 MLCC Type solid state cell
structure--229
6.10.2 MLCC Type solid state cell production process --230